Sistema de comércio de emissões (ets)

Participação no Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE (EU ETS)
Introdução ao Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE, incluindo o funcionamento do sistema de cap-and-trade, como alocações gratuitas são alocadas, detalhes sobre o cumprimento, a inclusão da aviação no sistema e o esquema de exclusão do Reino Unido para pequenos emissores e hospitais.
Visão geral.
O EU ETS é o maior sistema multi-país, multi-sectorial de comércio de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa no mundo.
Inclui mais de 11.000 centrais eléctricas e fábricas industriais em toda a UE, com cerca de 1.000 destes no Reino Unido. Estas incluem usinas, refinarias de petróleo, plataformas offshore e indústrias que produzem ferro e aço, cimento e lima, papel, vidro, cerâmica e produtos químicos.
Outras organizações, incluindo universidades e hospitais, também podem ser cobertas pelo EU ETS, dependendo da capacidade de combustão do equipamento em seus sites. Os operadores de aviação que voam para ou de um aeroporto europeu também são abrangidos pelo EU ETS.
Esta orientação explica o sistema de cap e comércio da UE, incluindo detalhes das fases de entrega do Sistema. Fornece informações sobre o pedido do Reino Unido para subsídios gratuitos de Fase III através de suas Medidas Nacionais de Implementação (NIMs), bem como detalhes de conformidade e verificação. Existem também seções sobre a regulamentação de emissões para o setor de aviação e o Esquema de exclusão de pequenos emissores e hospitais do Reino Unido.
Cap e comércio.
O EU ETS trabalha numa base "capital e comércio", pelo que existe um "limite" ou limite fixado nas emissões totais de gases de efeito estufa permitidas por todos os participantes abrangidos pelo Sistema e este limite é convertido em licenças de emissão negociáveis.
As licenças de emissão negociáveis ​​são alocadas aos participantes no mercado; No ETS da UE, isto é feito através de uma mistura de alocação gratuita e leilões. Um subsídio dá ao titular o direito de emitir 1 tonelada de CO2 (ou o equivalente). Os participantes abrangidos pelo RCLE da UE devem acompanhar e comunicar as suas emissões a cada ano e entregar subsídios de emissão suficientes para cobrir as suas emissões anuais.
Os participantes que provavelmente emitem mais de sua alocação podem optar entre tomar medidas para reduzir suas emissões ou comprar subsídios adicionais; quer do mercado secundário - por exemplo, as empresas que possuem subsídios que não precisam - ou do Estado-Membro realizaram leilões. Mais informações estão disponíveis na página de EU ETS: mercados de carbono.
Não importa onde (em termos de localização física) as reduções de emissão são feitas porque a economia de emissões tem o mesmo efeito ambiental onde quer que sejam feitas.
O raciocínio por trás do comércio de emissões é que permite que as reduções de emissões ocorram, onde o custo da redução é menor, diminuindo o custo total de enfrentar as mudanças climáticas.
Como funciona a negociação: um exemplo hipotético simplificado.
Historicamente, a instalação A e a instalação B emitem 210 toneladas de CO2 por ano. Sob o processo de alocação da UE, recebem 200 subsídios cada. No final do primeiro ano, as emissões de 180Mt foram registradas para a instalação A, pois instalou uma caldeira com eficiência energética no início do ano, o que reduziu suas emissões de CO2. Agora, é livre vender suas provisões excedentes no mercado de carbono.
A instalação B, no entanto, emitiu CO2 de 220Mt porque precisava aumentar sua capacidade de produção e era muito caro para investir em tecnologia de eficiência energética.
Portanto, a instalação B comprou subsídios do mercado, que foram disponibilizados porque a instalação A conseguiu vender seus subsídios adicionais.
O efeito líquido é que o investimento em redução de carbono ocorre no lugar mais barato, e as emissões de CO2 são limitadas aos 400 subsídios emitidos para ambas as instalações.
Fases de entrega do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões.
Até à data, foram realizadas ou acordadas 3 fases operacionais do RCLE da UE, embora este esteja previsto que o regime continuará para além de 2020:
Fase I (1 de janeiro de 2005 a 31 de dezembro de 2007)
Esta fase está completa. Mais detalhes sobre esta fase podem ser vistos na versão do Arquivo nacional da página web DECC: EU ETS Phase I.
Fase II (1 de janeiro de 2008 a 31 de dezembro de 2012)
A Fase II do RCLE da UE coincidiu com o primeiro Período de Compromisso de Quioto. A Fase II baseou-se nas lições da primeira fase e foi ampliada para cobrir as emissões de CO2 do vidro, lã mineral, gesso, queima da produção de petróleo e gás offshore, petroquímica, negro de carbono e siderúrgicas integradas.
Na Fase II, cada Estado-Membro desenvolveu um Plano Nacional de Atribuição (NAP), que estabelece a quantidade total de licenças que o Estado-Membro pretendia emitir durante essa fase e como propôs a distribuição dessas licenças a cada um dos seus operadores cobertos pela Sistema. Cada PNA teve que ser aprovado pela Comissão Europeia. O NAP aprovado da Fase II do Reino Unido foi publicado em 16 de março de 2007.
Mais detalhes sobre essa fase podem ser vistos na versão do Arquivo Nacional da versão dos Arquivos Nacionais da página web DECC: EU ETS Phase 2.
Fase III (1 de janeiro de 2013 a 31 de dezembro de 2020)
A fase actual do RCLE da UE baseia-se nas duas fases anteriores e é significativamente revistas para contribuir de forma mais importante para enfrentar as alterações climáticas, incluindo: um limite global da UE sobre o número de licenças disponíveis e um aumento do leilão desses subsídios, bem como como o regime do Reino Unido para reduzir os custos de conformidade para pequenos emissores e hospitais.
O limite máximo da UE reduzirá o número de licenças disponíveis em 1,74% ao ano, proporcionando uma redução global de 21% abaixo das verificações verificadas em 2005 até 2020. A trajetória será calculada a partir de um ponto de partida do ponto médio da Fase II e descreverá um limite decrescente a partir de 2013.
Alocação gratuita de licenças de emissão.
Todos os sectores abrangidos pelo RCLE da UE, com excepção da maior parte do sector da energia da UE, dispõem de uma atribuição gratuita de subsídios, a fim de contribuir para a sua transição para uma economia de baixo carbono.
Além disso, os setores industriais com risco significativo de concorrência de países sem custos de carbono similares (ver seção sobre vazamento de carbono no ETS da UE para obter mais informações) são elegíveis para receber uma maior proporção de subsídios gratuitamente.
Em 2011, os Estados-Membros deveriam apresentar à Comissão Europeia uma lista do número preliminar de licenças gratuitas a serem emitidas para cada instalação industrial na Fase III, denominadas "Medidas Nacionais de Implementação" ou "NIMs". O Reino Unido apresentou os seus NIMs à Comissão Europeia em 12 de dezembro de 2011 e posteriormente enviou NIM modificados em abril de 2012.
Em 5 de setembro de 2013, a Comissão Européia anunciou a conclusão do processo para verificar e confirmar a atribuição gratuita de subsídios do ETS da UE em NIM de cada Estado-Membro. Ele também anunciou que era necessário um fator de correção intersectorial para garantir que a alocação gratuita em toda a UE permaneça dentro do limite estabelecido na Diretiva ETS. O factor reduziu a dotação preliminar para cada instalação de ETS da UE em 5,73% em 2013, elevando-se para 17,56% em 2020. A redução média da dotação é, portanto, 11,58% no período 2013-2020.
A primeira lista abaixo mostra os números de atribuição gratuita na Fase III para cada instalação industrial no Reino Unido, conforme aprovado pela Comissão Européia em 18 de dezembro de 2013. A segunda lista mostra os números de alocação gratuita atualizados para a Fase III, levando em consideração as alterações à alocação concordou nas NIMs do Reino Unido para instalações individuais a partir de 30 de abril de 2014, por exemplo devido a cessações parciais, reduções de capacidade significativas ou onde as instalações entraram no ETS da UE (novos participantes). Esta lista será atualizada anualmente para levar em consideração novas mudanças de alocação ao longo da fase.
Alocação livre da Fase III aprovada nas Medidas Nacionais de Implementação do Reino Unido.
PDF, 635KB, 14 páginas.
Este arquivo pode não ser adequado para usuários de tecnologia assistiva. Solicite um formato acessível.
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Tabela de alocação nacional do Reino Unido: alocação gratuita da Fase III, incluindo mudanças na alocação: junho de 2014.
PDF, 727KB, 31 páginas.
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Tabela Nacional de Alocação do Reino Unido: Alocação Nacional de Fase III incluindo mudanças: abril de 2015.
PDF, 397KB, 32 páginas.
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Tabela Nacional de Alocação do Reino Unido: Alocação Nacional de Fase III incluindo mudanças: abril de 2016.
MS Excel Spreadsheet, 73.2KB.
Este arquivo pode não ser adequado para usuários de tecnologia assistiva. Solicite um formato acessível.
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Tabela Nacional de Alocação do Reino Unido: Alocação Nacional de Fase III incluindo mudanças: abril de 2017.
PDF, 407KB, 24 páginas.
Este arquivo pode não ser adequado para usuários de tecnologia assistiva. Solicite um formato acessível.
Se você usa tecnologia assistiva (como um leitor de tela) e precisa de uma versão deste documento em um formato mais acessível, por favor correspondencedecc. gsi. gov. uk. Diga-nos o formato que você precisa. Isso nos ajudará se você disser a tecnologia que você usa.
Fuga de carbono e EU ETS.
O vazamento de carbono é um termo usado para descrever a perspectiva de um aumento nas emissões globais de gases de efeito estufa quando uma empresa muda a produção ou o investimento fora da UE, porque - na ausência de um acordo internacional legalmente vinculativo sobre o clima - eles não conseguem repercutir os aumentos de custos induzidas pelo EU ETS aos seus clientes sem perda significativa de participação de mercado.
A melhor maneira de abordar o vazamento de carbono seria um acordo internacional de conformidade legalmente vinculativo. Isto criaria condições equitativas para a indústria dentro e fora da UE no que se refere à contabilização dos custos do carbono.
Enquanto isso, o ETS da UE fornece dois mecanismos para mitigar o risco de vazamento de carbono. Primeiro, os setores considerados em risco significativo de vazamento de carbono são elegíveis para receber 100% de alocação gratuita de subsídios até o benchmark do setor. Esta é uma fonte significativa de alívio, uma vez que os setores não considerados em risco receberão 80% de sua doação gratuitamente em 2013, diminuindo anualmente para 30% em 2020, com o objetivo de atingir 0% (ou seja, leilão completo) em 2027.
O segundo mecanismo permite que os Estados-Membros compensem os sectores com risco significativo de fuga de carbono em consequência de custos indirectos do ETS da UE (isto é, através de aumentos relacionados com o ETS da UE nos preços da electricidade), desde que os esquemas sejam concebidos dentro do quadro estabelecido pela Comissão Europeia ( consulte a seção sobre o esquema indireto de compensação de vazamento de carbono para mais informações).
O governo britânico apoia firmemente o princípio da alocação gratuita na ausência de um acordo internacional sobre o clima. Acreditamos que a alocação proporcional gratuita de alocações dá alívio a setores com risco significativo de vazamento de carbono, sem aumentar barreiras ao comércio internacional. No entanto, estamos preocupados que as pessoas com maior risco podem não ser suficientemente compensadas no futuro se as regras atuais do ETS da UE não forem reformadas para a Fase IV do RCLE-UE.
O governo do Reino Unido reconhece as preocupações da indústria em torno da competitividade e do vazamento de carbono e está empenhado em garantir que os setores genuinamente em risco significativo de vazamento de carbono sejam protegidos contra esse risco. Em junho de 2014, publicamos um projeto de pesquisa encomendado pelo Departamento de Energia e Mudanças Climáticas e realizado pela Vivid Economics e Ecofys, que investiga a ocorrência de vazamento de carbono até o momento e os principais fatores de vazamento de carbono para uma seleção de setores industriais e avalia as medidas em vigor para sua mitigação.
O relatório modela o risco de vazamento de carbono em 24 setores industriais e foi produzido em consulta com as partes interessadas do setor. As análises de modelagem mostram que, na ausência de quaisquer medidas de mitigação (como a alocação gratuita de subsídios), não há permissão para o potencial de redução de carbono e nenhum aumento na regulamentação de carbono fora da União Européia, vários setores correm o risco de vazamento. Dado esses pressupostos, a análise de modelagem mostra taxas mais altas de vazamento de carbono do que se espera que ocorram na realidade. As opiniões expressas no relatório são as de seus escritores e não representam uma posição oficial do governo do Reino Unido.
O relatório final, os estudos de caso e a revisão de pares associada estão disponíveis:
Avaliação do status de vazamento de carbono para a alocação gratuita de licenças.
Os setores em risco de vazamento de carbono são avaliados em relação a um conjunto de critérios e limiares estabelecidos na Diretiva ETS da UE. A lista dos setores considerados em risco de vazamento para o período 2013-2014 foi acordada através do procedimento de comitologia da UE em dezembro de 2009, com adições à lista feita nas subseqüentes decisões da Comissão Européia.
A Directiva ETS da UE permite uma revisão dos sectores em risco a cada cinco anos, com a possibilidade de adicionar sectores à lista anualmente, de forma ad hoc. Em 5 de Maio de 2014, a Comissão Europeia publicou o seu projecto de lista de sectores para o período 2015-1919, com base nos critérios quantitativos e qualitativos estabelecidos na Directiva ETS. O projecto de lista de fugas de carbono será apresentado ao Comité das Alterações Climáticas da UE para votação em breve, após o qual deve ser enviado ao Parlamento Europeu e ao Conselho por um exame de três meses antes da adopção.
Em 31 de agosto de 2013, o Reino Unido respondeu à consulta da Comissão Européia sobre a metodologia para determinação da lista de vazamento de carbono de 2015 a 2019.
Esquema indireto de compensação de vazamento de carbono.
Na Declaração de Outono de 2011, o chanceler anunciou que o governo pretendia implementar medidas para reduzir o impacto da política sobre os custos de eletricidade para as indústrias mais intensivas em eletricidade, começando em 2013 e valendo cerca de £ 250 milhões durante o período de Revisão de Gastos.
Como parte disso, o governo comprometeu-se a compensar os negócios mais intensivos em eletricidade para ajudar a compensar o custo indireto do Carbon Price Floor e do EU ETS, sujeito às diretrizes de auxílios estatais. No Orçamento de 2014, o chanceler anunciou que a compensação pelos custos indiretos do Carbon Price Floor e do EU ETS seria estendida até 2019 até 2020.
A Comissão Europeia aprovou as orientações revisadas sobre os auxílios estatais em matéria de compensação dos custos indirectos do RCLE da UE em Junho de 2012. Estas orientações enumeram os sectores considerados expostos a um risco significativo de vazamento de carbono devido a custos indiretos de emissão e fornecem detalhes do máximo níveis de compensação que podem ser disponibilizados para eles. Qualquer sistema de compensação dos Estados-Membros deve ser concebido no quadro estabelecido pela Comissão Europeia.
Em outubro de 2012, o DECC e o BIS lançaram a consulta do esquema de compensação das indústrias de energia intensiva, que estabelece nossas propostas para a elegibilidade e o design do pacote de compensação.
A consulta, que encerrou em dezembro de 2012, proporcionou uma oportunidade para todos os interessados ​​no pacote comentarem as propostas, ajudando-nos a garantir que a compensação seja direcionada às empresas que correm o maior risco de vazamento de carbono como resultado da energia e do clima políticas de mudança.
Após uma análise detalhada das respostas e do autorizações de auxílio estatal para o pacote de compensação do ETS da UE, em maio de 2013 publicamos a resposta do governo à consulta e o esquema final de compensação para o EU ETS. O Reino Unido começou a efectuar pagamentos em relação aos custos indiretos do RCLE da UE em 2013.
Para a compensação do preço do preço do carbono, que continua sujeita à aprovação da Autorização de auxílios estatais da Comissão Europeia, esperamos publicar orientações no final do verão e começar os pagamentos pouco depois.
Reserva de Novos Participantes.
A Reserva dos Novos Participantes (NER) é uma reserva de subsídios da UE, reservados para novos operadores ou operadores existentes que tenham aumentado significativamente a capacidade. Os reguladores EU ETS do Reino Unido são responsáveis ​​pela administração e avaliação de todos os aplicativos NER.
Mais informações sobre subsídios podem ser encontradas na página EU ETS: allowances.
Cumprir o ETS da UE.
Os reguladores da EU ETS são responsáveis ​​pela aplicação do Regulamento ETS da UE, incluindo funções operacionais, tais como a concessão e manutenção de licenças e planos de emissões (para a aviação), monitoramento e relatórios (incluindo planos de monitoramento), avaliação de relatórios de emissão verificados (e toneladas-quilômetro relatórios), avaliando os pedidos ao NER, determinando reduções nas alocações como resultado de mudanças de capacidade ou cessação de atividades, troca de informações com o UKAS em atividades verificadoras.
Para efeitos do cálculo das penalidades civis, o BEIS determina o valor do preço do carbono EU ETS utilizado pelo regulador. A determinação é publicada em novembro de cada ano:
Em 7 de agosto de 2013, lançamos uma consulta sobre uma série de alterações técnicas ao Regulamento do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa para simplificar e harmonizar as sanções do ETS da UE na transição para a Fase III, melhorar a clareza e reduzir o ônus para as empresas. A consulta encerrou em 19 de setembro de 2013.
Para mais informações sobre como cumprir o ETS da UE, visite:
Monitoramento, relatórios, verificação e credenciamento.
A Orientação da Comissão Europeia sobre o Regulamento de Acreditação e Verificação destina-se a ajudar os operadores de todas as instalações estacionárias, operadores de aviação, organismos de verificação e reguladores a realizarem verificações de forma consistente em toda a UE. Fornece informações e conselhos práticos sobre o processo e os requisitos de verificação anual exigidos pela Diretiva ETS da UE, o Regulamento de Monitoramento e Relatórios da Comissão Européia e os planos de permissão / monitoramento de gases de efeito estufa / planos de toneladas-quilômetro.
Encontrar um verificador credenciado ETS da UE no Reino Unido.
A lista do UKAS não inclui verificadores credenciados por outros organismos nacionais de acreditação e, nas regras da Fase III, não há "registro" ou procedimento de aceitação para verificadores que não sejam do Reino Unido. Todos os verificadores são obrigados a demonstrar que estão credenciados (ou certificados) de acordo com o Regulamento de Credenciamento e Verificação. Os operadores são responsáveis ​​por assegurar que seu verificador seja credenciado para o escopo de trabalho relevante. Os detalhes do âmbito de acreditação de um verificador podem ser encontrados no certificado de acreditação do verificador.
Inclua as seguintes informações em seu:
Nome da entidade de verificação organismo número de identificação de acreditação do país uma cópia do seu nome completo do certificado de acreditação e endereço do principal ponto de contato (este usuário terá a responsabilidade de gerenciar outros usuários para este verificador)
Uma vez que o administrador do ETSWAP aprovou seu pedido de acesso, o ETSWAP enviará um com os detalhes de login para sua conta de usuário individual.
Para candidatar-se a uma conta de registro do verificador, etregistryhelpenvironment-agency. gov. uk para um pacote de aplicativos.
Outras orientações.
Utilização de dados de inventário de gases de efeito estufa do Reino Unido no monitoramento e relatórios do ETS da UE: a lista de fatores específicos do país.
O Regulamento da Comissão Europeia sobre Monitoramento e Relatórios permite a utilização de dados reportados a nível nacional como fatores padrão em circunstâncias específicas.
Os fatores de emissão de carbono e os valores caloríficos do inventário de gases de efeito estufa do Reino Unido (AEA-Ricardo) estão disponíveis para o relatório anual de emissões para o EU ETS:
Fatores de emissão e valores caloríficos para 2017.
MS Excel Spreadsheet, 81.7KB.
Os fatores nacionais são fatores de emissão Nível 2 e Nível 2a e valores caloríficos líquidos para combustíveis específicos usados ​​por indústrias específicas.
Os dados foram amplamente extraídos do Inventário britânico de gases do efeito estufa que é apresentado anualmente à Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (UNFCCC). O Inventário de Gases de Estufa é desenvolvido de forma independente para o Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE. Estes dados significam os dados referidos no n. º 1 do artigo 31.º do Regulamento de Acompanhamento e Relatórios.
Os fatores nessas tabelas devem ser usados ​​somente de acordo com os requisitos do plano de monitoramento aprovado da instalação, que faz parte da licença de gases de efeito estufa.
As tabelas para anos anteriores estão disponíveis da seguinte forma:
CEPAL não conformidade.
A Directiva EET da UE exige que os Estados-Membros estabeleçam um sistema de sanções eficazes, proporcionadas e dissuasivas, mas a natureza das sanções é largamente deixada à discrição do Estado-Membro (com excepção da sanção por não entrega de subsídios suficientes em certas circunstâncias).
O Regulamento do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa de 2012 estabeleceu as penalidades civis a que uma pessoa é responsável se não cumprirem o ETS da UE. A DECC produziu as orientações abaixo para o setor offshore de petróleo e gás detalhando a abordagem do Departamento de aplicação e sanções.
O regulamento prevê o direito de recurso contra decisões de um regulador EU ETS. Nos acordos de Inglaterra e País de Gales para operadores de instalações estacionárias e operadores de aeronaves, bem como instalações offshore, são ouvidas pelo Tribunal de Primeira Instância.
Os apelos na Irlanda do Norte são ouvidos e determinados pela Comissão de Apelação do Planejamento (PAC). Na Escócia, a Direção de Planejamento e Apelos Ambientais (DPEA) no Governo escocês escuta e determina os recursos em nome dos Ministros escoceses.
Diferentes arranjos aplicam-se aos recursos interpostos por operadores de aviação contra um aviso de penalização notificado nos termos do Regulamento 2010 do regime de comércio de gases com efeito de estufa para gases de efeito estufa para o ano do esquema de 2012. As regras relevantes nos termos dos regulamentos de 2010 continuam a ser aplicáveis ​​em relação a qualquer recurso interposto contra qualquer decisão tomada ou aviso notificado nos termos dos regulamentos de 2010. Estes prevêem que o órgão de recurso seja o Secretário de Estado ou uma pessoa independente nomeada pelo Secretário de Estado.
Deliberações de recurso.
Ano do regime de 2012: seis determinações de recursos foram feitas nos termos deste Regulamento:
Aviação no ETS da UE.
O Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE exige que os operadores de aeronaves monitorem e relatem as emissões de CO2 e entreguem o número equivalente de licenças. O esquema destina-se a ser um meio econômico para combater as emissões de CO2 da aviação, permitindo que a indústria da aviação cresça de forma sustentável ao mesmo tempo em que oferece reduções de emissões. O regime aplica-se a todos os voos entre aeroportos no Espaço Económico Europeu.
As principais mudanças são:
um espaço da Área Econômica Intra-Europeia (EEE) para o ETS de Aviação de 1 de janeiro de 2013 até 31 de dezembro de 2016, um diferimento dos prazos de cumprimento para as emissões de 2013 até março e abril de 2015 uma isenção para os operadores não comerciais que emitem menos de 1.000 toneladas de CO2 por ano até 2020, procedimentos simplificados para operadores que emitem menos de 25 000 toneladas de CO2 por ano, o número de licenças gratuitas emitidas e as licenças de leilão são reduzidas na proporção da redução de alcance.
Congratulamo-nos com as opiniões de qualquer organização ou indivíduo, e a consulta será de particular interesse para os operadores de aeronaves, operadores de aeródromos, verificadores, outros participantes no ETS da UE e grupos ambientais.
Regulamentação das emissões dos operadores de aeronave.
Cada operador de aeronave é administrado por um único estado membro. A Comissão Europeia produz uma lista anual que mostra quais operadores são administrados por qual estado membro.
Você pode descobrir mais sobre o que os operadores precisam fazer para cumprir o esquema da página de ETS da UE: operadores e atividades afetadas.
Leilão.
Alocação gratuita para operadores de aeronaves.
A Comissão Europeia promulgou legislação em Abril de 2014, alterando o âmbito da EUETS no que se refere às emissões da aviação internacional (Regulamento (UE) n. º 421/2014 que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE). Como resultado da alteração do âmbito do RCS da UE da Aviação, o Reino Unido é obrigado a recalcular a atribuição de licenças gratuitas devido a operadores de aeronaves elegíveis. Este recálculo foi feito de acordo com as orientações da Comissão.
A tabela inclui todos os operadores que anteriormente tinham licenças gratuitas e indica sua nova alocação de licenças gratuitas sob o escopo reduzido. Os operadores que cessaram as operações foram removidos desta lista.
Os operadores que estão agora isentos sob o novo não-comercial de minimis (abaixo de 1,000tCO2 por ano calculados com base no escopo total) ainda aparecem nesta tabela. No entanto, devido ao seu estado de isenção, estes operadores não têm licenças gratuitas e, como tal, a sua Conta de exploração do operador de aeronave (AOHA) será marcada como "excluída" no registo, o que significa que não podem ser efectuadas transacções e não serão depositadas licenças gratuitas .
Se você acredita que não está mais devido qualquer subsídio como resultado das mudanças ou deseja obter mais esclarecimentos sobre sua nova alocação de licenças gratuitas, entre em contato com o serviço de assistência da aviação da Agência de Meio Ambiente ETAviationHelpenvironment-agency. gov. uk.
Informação histórica.
Visite a página da legislação EU ETS para ver a legislação do Reino Unido e os regulamentos da UE.
Por favor, visite a página de Arquivos nacionais da Aviação nas páginas da Web do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE para ver informações relacionadas aos apelos de aviação / aviação disponíveis anteriormente no site da DECC.
Small Emitter and Hospital Opt-out Scheme.
O Esquema de exclusão de pequenos emissores e hospitalares do Reino Unido permite que as instalações elegíveis sejam excluídas da Fase 3 (2013-2020) do ETS da UE. O regime foi aprovado pela Comissão Europeia.
O artigo 27.º da Directiva EU ETS permite que os pequenos emissores e hospitais sejam excluídos do RCLE da UE, com o objectivo principal de reduzir os encargos administrativos nessas instalações. Isto reconhece que os custos administrativos enfrentados por emissores menores no âmbito do RCLE da UE são desproporcionalmente elevados por tonelada de CO2, em comparação com os custos para grandes instalações emissoras. A directiva exige que as instalações excluídas estejam sujeitas a um regime nacional que forneça uma contribuição equivalente às reduções de emissões como o RCLE da UE.
O regime de exclusão do Reino Unido foi concebido em consulta com a indústria e tem como objectivo oferecer uma alternativa simples e desregulamentar ao ETS da UE, mantendo os incentivos para reduções de emissões. Nós estimamos que o esquema oferecerá economias de até £ 39 milhões para a indústria ao longo da Fase III.
O esquema de exclusão oferece economias desregulamentares através de:
a substituição de um requisito de entrega de subsídios com um objetivo de redução de emissões, requisitos simplificados de monitoramento, relatórios e verificação (MRV), incluindo a remoção do requisito de verificação de terceiros, não requerer a manutenção de uma conta de registro ativa regras menos onerosas para o ajuste do alvo após uma aumento da capacidade de instalação.
Mais detalhes sobre o esquema estão contidos nos documentos listados abaixo. Por favor, note que esses documentos serão atualizados no final de 2015. As consultas mencionadas no documento "Perguntas frequentes" estão agora encerradas.
Participantes no esquema de exclusão.
O período de candidatura para o regime de exclusão ocorreu de 23 de Maio a 18 de Julho de 2012. Os operadores de 247 instalações foram aprovados para participar do regime de exclusão pela Comissão Europeia como excluídos do ETS da UE.
A Directiva EU ETS não prevê que outras instalações se juntem ao regime de exclusão.
A informação prévia sobre o desenvolvimento do esquema, incluindo o período de aplicação, o desenvolvimento de políticas e o workshop de pequenos emissores realizado em 12 de junho de 2012, pode ser visualizado no site do Arquivo Nacional.
Documentar informações.
Publicado: 22 de janeiro de 2013.
Atualizado: 31 de julho de 2017.
31 de julho de 2017 Fatores de emissão e valores caloríficos para 2017. 27 de abril de 2017 Tabela de alocação nacional do Reino Unido: Alocação nacional de fase III incluindo mudanças: abril de 2017. 21 de setembro de 2016 Determinação de 4 recursos no âmbito do RCLE da Aviação. 28 de julho de 2016 Fatores de emissão e valores caloríficos para 2016 29 de abril de 2016 Tabela nacional de alocação do Reino Unido: Alocação nacional de fase III incluindo mudanças: abril de 2016 29 de abril de 2016 Tabela nacional de alocação do Reino Unido: Alocação nacional de fase III incluindo mudanças: abril de 2016 23 de outubro de 2015 Jet Airways civil determinação da apelação de penalidades adicionada em 20 de outubro de 2014 Adição da estratégia e do documento de reforma do EU E 26 de agosto de 2014 Adição de tabela de licenças de aviação gratuita 16 de julho de 2014 Informações adicionais sobre a Fase IV. 15 de maio de 2014 Revista por pares do relatório Ecofys cap-setting reportado. 30 de abril de 2014 foi publicada a tabela nacional de alocação nacional da EU ETS. 7 de agosto de 2013 Detalhes da consulta adicionados em "Cumprir o ETS da UE". 13 de maio de 2013 A resposta do governo à consulta sobre a Implementação do Sistema de Negociação de Emissões da Aviação "parar o relógio" na regulamentação do Reino Unido foi publicada hoje. 4 de março de 2013 Inclui novas informações sobre uma chamada de vazamento de carbono para evidências. 31 de janeiro de 2013 Atualização para incluir o recente anúncio da Comissão Européia sobre o NIMS 22 de janeiro de 2013 Publicado pela primeira vez.
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O Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE (EU ETS)
O Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE explicou.
O sistema de comércio de emissões da UE (EU ETS) é uma pedra angular da política da UE para combater as alterações climáticas e a sua ferramenta chave para reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de forma rentável. É o primeiro mercado de carbono do mundo e continua sendo o maior.
opera em 31 países (todos os 28 países da UE, mais a Islândia, o Liechtenstein e a Noruega) limita as emissões de mais de 11 mil instalações de energia pesada (centrais eléctricas e instalações industriais) e as companhias aéreas que operam entre esses países cobre cerca de 45% dos gases de efeito estufa da UE emissões.
Para uma visão geral detalhada, veja:
Um sistema "cap and trade".
O EU ETS trabalha no princípio do "capital e do comércio".
Um limite é fixado na quantidade total de certos gases de efeito estufa que podem ser emitidos por instalações cobertas pelo sistema. A tampa é reduzida ao longo do tempo para que as emissões totais caírem.
Dentro do limite, as empresas recebem ou compram licenças de emissão que podem trocar entre si, conforme necessário. Eles também podem comprar quantidades limitadas de créditos internacionais de projetos de poupança de emissões em todo o mundo. O limite do número total de permissões disponíveis garante que eles tenham um valor.
Depois de cada ano, uma empresa deve entregar subsídios suficientes para cobrir todas as suas emissões, caso contrário multas pesadas são impostas. Se uma empresa reduz suas emissões, ela pode manter os subsídios de reposição para cobrir suas necessidades futuras, ou então vendê-las para outra empresa que não possui subsídios.
O comércio traz flexibilidade que garante que as emissões sejam reduzidas, quando menos custa. Um preço robusto do carbono também promove o investimento em tecnologias limpas e com baixas emissões de carbono.
Principais características da fase 3 (2013-2020)
O EU ETS está agora em sua terceira fase - significativamente diferente das fases 1 e 2.
As principais mudanças são:
Um único limite de emissões a nível da UE aplica-se ao sistema anterior de capitais nacionais. O leilão é o método padrão para a alocação de licenças (em vez da alocação gratuita), e as regras de alocação harmonizadas se aplicam às licenças ainda concedidas gratuitamente. Mais setores e Os gases incluíram 300 milhões de licenças reservadas na Reserva dos Novos Participantes para financiar a implantação de tecnologias inovadoras de energia renovável e captura e armazenamento de carbono através do programa NER 300.
Sectores e gases abrangidos.
O sistema abrange os seguintes setores e gases com foco em emissões que podem ser medidas, reportadas e verificadas com um alto nível de precisão:
dióxido de carbono (CO 2) da geração de energia e geração de energia setores industriais intensivos em energia, incluindo refinarias de petróleo, siderúrgicas e produção de ferro, alumínio, metais, cimento, lima, vidro, cerâmica, celulose, papel, papelão, ácidos e produtos químicos orgânicos a granel Óxido de nitrogênio da aviação comercial (N 2 O) a partir da produção de ácidos nítrico, adípico e glioxílico e perfluorocarbonos de glioxal (PFCs) da produção de alumínio.
Participation in the EU ETS is mandatory for companies in these sectors , but.
in some sectors only plants above a certain size are included certain small installations can be excluded if governments put in place fiscal or other measures that will cut their emissions by an equivalent amount in the aviation sector, until 2016 the EU ETS applies only to flights between airports located in the European Economic Area (EEA).
Delivering emissions reductions.
The EU ETS has proved that putting a price on carbon and trading in it can work. Emissions from installations in the scheme are falling as intended – by around 5% compared to the beginning of phase 3 (2013) (see 2015 figures).
In 2020 , emissions from sectors covered by the system will be 21% lower than in 2005 .
Developing the carbon market.
Set up in 2005, the EU ETS is the world's first and biggest international emissions trading system, accounting for over three-quarters of international carbon trading.
The EU ETS is also inspiring the development of emissions trading in other countries and regions. The EU aims to link the EU ETS with other compatible systems.
Main EU ETS legislation.
30/04/2014 - Consolidated version of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 23/04/2009 - Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community 19/11/2008 - Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community 27/10/2004 - Directive 2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol's project mechanisms 13/10/2003 - Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.
Carbon market reports.
23/11/2017 – COM(2017) 693 – Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 01/02/2017 - COM(2017) 48 - Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 18/11/2015 - COM(2015) 576 - Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 14/11/2012 - COM(2012) 652 - The state of the European carbon market in 2012.
Revision of the EU ETS for phase 3.
04/02/2011 - European Council conclusions of 4 February 2011 (see conclusions 23 and 24) 18/03/2010 - Guidance on interpretation of Annex I of the EU ETS Directive (excl. aviation activities) 18/03/2010 - Guidance paper to identify electricity generators 06/04/2009 - Council press release on the adoption of the climate and energy package 12/12/2008 - Presidency conclusions of the European Council (11 and 12 December 2008) 12/12/2008 - European Council Statement on the use of auction revenues 23/01/2008 - Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community 23/01/2008 - Commission staff working document - Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system - Impact assessment.
Implementação.
04/07/2013 - Amended Draft Regulation on determining international credit entitlements 05/06/2013 - Draft regulation on determining international credit entitlements 05/05/2013 Commission Regulation (EU) No 389/2013 of 2 May 2013 establishing a Union Registry pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Decisions No 280/2004/EC and No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulations (EU) No 920/2010 and No 1193/2011 Text with EEA relevance 18/11/2011 - Commission Regulation establishing a Union Registry for the trading period commencing on 1 January 2013, and subsequent trading periods, of the Union emissions trading scheme pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Regulations (EC) No 2216/2004 and (EU) No 920/2010 - not yet published in the Official Journal 07/10/2010 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 920/2010 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council - version not including changes brought by Regulation of 18 November 2011 08/10/2008 - Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council - version applicable until 31 December 2011 26/10/2007 - EEA Joint Committee Decision No 146/2007 linking the EU ETS with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein 13/11/2006 - Commission Decision 2006/780/EC on avoiding DOUBLE COUNTING of greenhouse gas emission reductions under the Community emissions trading scheme for project activities under the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2006) 5362) 21/12/2004 - Consolidated version of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2216/2004 for a standardised and secured system of registries amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 916/2007 of 31 July 2007, Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 of 8 October 2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 920/2010 of 7 October 2010 - version not including changes brought by Regulation of 18 November 2011.
Application of VAT.
Legislative History of Directive 2003/87/EC.
Work prior to the Commission proposal.
08/02/2000 - COM(2000) 87 - Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union Mandate and results of ECCP Working Group 1 : Flexible mechanisms 04/09/2001 - Chairman's Summary Record of Stakeholder consultation meeting (with Industry and Environmental NGOs) 19/05/1999 - COM(1999) 230 - Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol 03/06/1998 - COM(1998) 353 - Climate Change - Towards an EU Post-Kyoto Strategy Scope of the EU ETS: 07/2007 - Small Installations within the EU Emissions Trading System 10/2006 - Inclusion of additional activities and gases into the EU Emissions Trading System Further harmonisation and increased predictability: 12/2006 - The approach to new entrants and closures 10/2006 - Auctioning of CO2 emission allowances in the EU ETS 10/2006 - Harmonisation of allocation methodologies 12/2006 - Report on international competitiveness ECCP working group on emissions trading on the review of the EU ETS 15/06/2007 - Final report of the 4th meeting on Linking with Emission Trading Systems in Third Countries 22/05/2007 - Final report of the 3rd meeting on Further Harmonisation and Increased Predictability 26/04/2007 - Final Report of the 2nd meeting on Robust Compliance and Enforcement 09/03/2007 - Final Report of the 1st meeting on The Scope of the Directive.
Commission proposal of October 2001.
22/01/2002 - Non-paper on synergies between the EC emissions trading proposal (COM(2001)581) and the IPPC Directive 23/10/2001 - COM(2001) 581 - Proposal for a framework Directive for greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Community.
Commission's reaction to reading of the proposal in Council and Parliament (including Council's common position)
18/07/2003 - COM(2003) 463 - Opinion of the Commission on the European Parliament's amendments to the Council's common position regarding the proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 20/06/2003 - COM(2003) 364 - Commission Communication to the European Parliament concerning the Council's Common Position on the adoption of a Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 18/03/2003 - Common Position (EC) No 28/2003 - Council's Common Position on the adoption of a Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 27/11/2002 - COM(2002) 680 - Amended proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC Faq.
Open all questions.
Questions and Answers on the revised EU Emissions Trading System (December 2008)
What is the aim of emissions trading?
The aim of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is to help EU Member States achieve their commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective way. Allowing participating companies to buy or sell emission allowances means that emission cuts can be achieved at least cost.
The EU ETS is the cornerstone of the EU's strategy for fighting climate change. It is the first international trading system for CO 2 emissions in the world and has been in operation since 2005. As of I January 2008 it applies not only to the 27 EU Member States, but also to the other three members of the European Economic Area – Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. It currently covers over 10,000 installations in the energy and industrial sectors which are collectively responsible for close to half of the EU's emissions of CO 2 and 40% of its total greenhouse gas emissions. An amendment to the EU ETS Directive agreed in July 2008 will bring the aviation sector into the system from 2012.
How does emissions trading work?
The EU ETS is a 'cap and trade' system, that is to say it caps the overall level of emissions allowed but, within that limit, allows participants in the system to buy and sell allowances as they require. These allowances are the common trading 'currency' at the heart of the system. One allowance gives the holder the right to emit one tonne of CO 2 or the equivalent amount of another greenhouse gas. The cap on the total number of allowances creates scarcity in the market.
In the first and second trading period under the scheme, Member States had to draw up national allocation plans (NAPs) which determine their total level of ETS emissions and how many emission allowances each installation in their country receives. At the end of each year installations must surrender allowances equivalent to their emissions. Companies that keep their emissions below the level of their allowances can sell their excess allowances. Those facing difficulty in keeping their emissions in line with their allowances have a choice between taking measures to reduce their own emissions – such as investing in more efficient technology or using less carbon-intensive energy sources – or buying the extra allowances they need on the market, or a combination of the two. Such choices are likely to be determined by relative costs. In this way, emissions are reduced wherever it is most cost-effective to do so.
How long has the EU ETS been operating?
The EU ETS was launched on 1 January 2005. The first trading period ran for three years to the end of 2007 and was a 'learning by doing' phase to prepare for the crucial second trading period. The second trading period began on 1 January 2008 and runs for five years until the end of 2012. The importance of the second trading period stems from the fact that it coincides with the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, during which the EU and other industrialised countries must meet their targets to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For the second trading period EU ETS emissions have been capped at around 6.5% below 2005 levels to help ensure that the EU as a whole, and Member States individually, deliver on their Kyoto commitments.
What are the main lessons learned from experience so far?
The EU ETS has put a price on carbon and proved that trading in greenhouse gas emissions works. The first trading period successfully established the free trading of emission allowances across the EU, put in place the necessary infrastructure and developed a dynamic carbon market. The environmental benefit of the first phase may be limited due to excessive allocation of allowances in some Member States and some sectors, due mainly to a reliance on emission projections before verified emissions data became available under the EU ETS. When the publication of verified emissions data for 2005 highlighted this “over-allocation”, the market reacted as would be expected by lowering the market price of allowances. The availability of verified emissions data has allowed the Commission to ensure that the cap on national allocations under the second phase is set at a level that results in real emission reductions.
Besides underlining the need for verified data, experience so far has shown that greater harmonisation within the EU ETS is imperative to ensure that the EU achieves its emissions reductions objectives at least cost and with minimal competitive distortions. The need for more harmonisation is clearest with respect to how the cap on overall emission allowances is set.
The first two trading periods also show that widely differing national methods for allocating allowances to installations threaten fair competition in the internal market. Furthermore, greater harmonisation, clarification and refinement are needed with respect to the scope of the system, the access to credits from emission-reduction projects outside the EU, the conditions for linking the EU ETS to emissions trading systems elsewhere and the monitoring, verification and reporting requirements.
What are the main changes to the EU ETS and as of when will they apply?
The agreed design changes will apply as of the third trading period, i. e. January 2013. While preparatory work will be initiated immediately, the applicable rules will not change until January 2013 to ensure that regulatory stability is maintained.
The EU ETS in the third period will be a more efficient, more harmonised and fairer system.
Increased efficiency is achieved by means of a longer trading period (8 years instead of 5 years), a robust and annually declining emissions cap (21% reduction in 2020 compared to 2005) and a substantial increase in the amount of auctioning (from less than 4% in phase 2 to more than half in phase 3).
More harmonisation has been agreed in many areas, including with respect to the cap-setting (an EU-wide cap instead of the national caps in phases 1 and 2) and the rules for transitional free allocation.
The fairness of the system has been substantially increased by the move towards EU-wide free allocation rules for industrial installations and by the introduction of a redistribution mechanism that entitles new Member States to auction more allowances.
How does the final text compare to the initial Commission proposal?
The climate and energy targets agreed by the 2007 Spring European Council have been maintained and the overall architecture of the Commission's proposal on the EU ETS remains intact. That is to say that there will be one EU-wide cap on the number of emission allowances and this cap will decrease annually along a linear trend line, which will continue beyond the end of the third trading period (2013-2020). The main difference as compared to the proposal is that auctioning of allowances will be phased in more slowly.
What are the main changes compared to the Commission's proposal?
In summary, the main changes that have been made to the proposal are as follows:
Certain Member States are allowed an optional and temporary derogation from the rule that no allowances are to be allocated free of charge to electricity generators as of 2013. This option to derogate is available to Member States which fulfil certain conditions related to the interconnectivity of their electricity grid, share of a single fossil fuel in electricity production, and GDP/capita in relation to the EU-27 average. In addition, the amount of free allowances that a Member State can allocate to power plants is limited to 70% of carbon dioxide emissions of relevant plants in phase 1 and declines in the years thereafter. Furthermore free allocation in phase 3 can only be given to power plants that are operational or under construction no later than end 2008. See reply to question 15 below. There will be more details in the Directive on the criteria to be used to determine the sectors or sub-sectors deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage , and an earlier date of publication of the Commission's list of such sectors (31 December 2009). Moreover, subject to review when a satisfactory international agreement is reached, installations in all exposed industries will receive 100% free allowances to the extent that they use the most efficient technology. The free allocation to industry is limited to the share of these industries' emissions in total emissions in 2005 to 2007. The total number of allowances allocated for free to installations in industry sectors will decline annually in line with the decline of the emissions cap. Member States may also compensate certain installations for CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices if the CO 2 costs might otherwise expose them to the risk of carbon leakage. The Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect. See reply to question 15 below. The level of auctioning of allowances for non-exposed industry will increase in a linear manner as proposed by the Commission, but rather than reaching 100% by 2020 it will reach 70%, with a view to reaching 100% by 2027. As foreseen in the Commission's proposal, 10% of the allowances for auctioning will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. A provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% of auctioned allowances to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. The share of auctioning revenues that Member States are recommended to use to fight and adapt to climate change mainly within the EU, but also in developing countries, is raised from 20% to 50%. The text provides for a top-up to the proposed permitted level of use of JI/CDM credits in the 20% scenario for existing operators that received the lowest budgets to import and use such credits in relation to allocations and access to credits in the period 2008-2012. New sectors, new entrants in the periods 2013-2020 and 2008-2012 will also be able to use credits. The total amount of credits that may be used will, however, not exceed 50% of the reduction between 2008 and 2020. Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement, the Commission could allow additional access to CERs and ERUs for operators in the Community scheme. See reply to question 20 below. The proceeds from auctioning 300 million allowances from the new entrants reserve will be used to support up to 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects and projects demonstrating innovative renewable energy technologies. A number of conditions are attached to this financing mechanism. See reply to question 30 below. The possibility to opt-out small combustion installations provided they are subject to equivalent measures has been extended to cover all small installations irrespective of activity, the emission threshold has been raised from 10,000 to 25,000 tonnes of CO 2 per year, and the capacity threshold that combustion installations have to fulfil in addition has been raised from 25MW to 35MW. With these increased thresholds, the share of covered emissions that would potentially be excluded from the emissions trading system becomes significant, and consequently a provision has been added to allow for a corresponding reduction of the EU-wide cap on allowances.
Will there still be national allocation plans (NAPs)?
No. In their NAPs for the first (2005-2007) and the second (2008-2012) trading periods, Member States determined the total quantity of allowances to be issued – the cap – and how these would be allocated to the installations concerned. This approach has generated significant differences in allocation rules, creating an incentive for each Member State to favour its own industry, and has led to great complexity.
As from the third trading period, there will be a single EU-wide cap and allowances will be allocated on the basis of harmonised rules. National allocation plans will therefore not be needed any more.
How will the emission cap in phase 3 be determined?
The rules for calculating the EU-wide cap are as follows:
From 2013, the total number of allowances will decrease annually in a linear manner. The starting point of this line is the average total quantity of allowances (phase 2 cap) to be issued by Member States for the 2008-12 period, adjusted to reflect the broadened scope of the system from 2013 as well as any small installations that Member States have chosen to exclude. The linear factor by which the annual amount shall decrease is 1.74% in relation to the phase 2 cap.
The starting point for determining the linear factor of 1.74% is the 20% overall reduction of greenhouse gases compared to 1990, which is equivalent to a 14% reduction compared to 2005. However, a larger reduction is required of the EU ETS because it is cheaper to reduce emissions in the ETS sectors. The division that minimises overall reduction cost amounts to:
a 21% reduction in EU ETS sector emissions compared to 2005 by 2020; a reduction of around 10% compared to 2005 for the sectors that are not covered by the EU ETS.
The 21% reduction in 2020 results in an ETS cap in 2020 of a maximum of 1720 million allowances and implies an average phase 3 cap (2013 to 2020) of some 1846 million allowances and a reduction of 11% compared to the phase 2 cap.
All absolute figures indicated correspond to the coverage at the start of the second trading period and therefore don't take account of aviation, which will be added in 2012, and other sectors that will be added in phase 3.
The final figures for the annual emission caps in phase 3 will be determined and published by the Commission by 30 September 2010.
How will the emission cap beyond phase 3 be determined?
The linear factor of 1.74% used to determine the phase 3 cap will continue to apply beyond the end of the trading period in 2020 and will determine the cap for the fourth trading period (2021 to 2028) and beyond. It may be revised by 2025 at the latest. In fact, significant emission reductions of 60%-80% compared to 1990 will be necessary by 2050 to reach the strategic objective of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
An EU-wide cap on emission allowances will be determined for each individual year. Will this reduce flexibility for the installations concerned?
No, flexibility for installations will not be reduced at all. In any year, the allowances to be auctioned and distributed have to be issued by the competent authorities by 28 February. The last date for operators to surrender allowances is 30 April of the year following the year in which the emissions took place. So operators receive allowances for the current year before they have to surrender allowances to cover their emissions for the previous year. Allowances remain valid throughout the trading period and any surplus allowances can now be "banked" for use in subsequent trading periods. In this respect nothing will change.
The system will remain based on trading periods, but the third trading period will last eight years, from 2013 to 2020, as opposed to five years for the second phase from 2008 to 2012.
For the second trading period Member States generally decided to allocate equal total quantities of allowances for each year. The linear decrease each year from 2013 will correspond better to expected emissions trends over the period.
What are the tentative annual ETS cap figures for the period 2013 to 2020?
The tentative annual cap figures are as follows:
These figures are based on the scope of the ETS as applicable in phase 2 (2008 to 2012), and the Commission's decisions on the national allocation plans for phase 2, amounting to 2083 million tonnes. These figures will be adjusted for several reasons. Firstly, adjustment will be made to take into account the extensions of the scope in phase 2, provided that Member States substantiate and verify their emissions accruing from these extensions. Secondly, adjustment will be made with respect to further extensions of the scope of the ETS in the third trading period. Thirdly, any opt-out of small installations will lead to a corresponding reduction of the cap. Fourthly, the figures do not take account of the inclusion of aviation, nor of emissions from Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.
Will allowances still be allocated for free?
Sim. Industrial installations will receive transitional free allocation. And in those Member States that are eligible for the optional derogation, power plants may, if the Member State so decides, also receive free allowances. It is estimated that at least half of the available allowances as of 2013 will be auctioned.
While the great majority of allowances has been allocated free of charge to installations in the first and second trading periods, the Commission proposed that auctioning of allowances should become the basic principle for allocation. This is because auctioning best ensures the efficiency, transparency and simplicity of the system and creates the greatest incentive for investments in a low-carbon economy. It best complies with the “polluter pays principle” and avoids giving windfall profits to certain sectors that have passed on the notional cost of allowances to their customers despite receiving them for free.
How will allowances be handed out for free?
By 31 December 2010, the Commission will adopt EU-wide rules, which will be developed under a committee procedure (“Comitology”). These rules will fully harmonise allocations and thus all firms across the EU with the same or similar activities will be subject to the same rules. The rules will ensure as far as possible that the allocation promotes carbon-efficient technologies. The adopted rules provide that to the extent feasible, allocations are to be based on so-called benchmarks, e. g. a number of allowances per quantity of historical output. Such rules reward operators that have taken early action to reduce greenhouse gases, better reflect the polluter pays principle and give stronger incentives to reduce emissions, as allocations would no longer depend on historical emissions. All allocations are to be determined before the start of the third trading period and no ex-post adjustments will be allowed.
Which installations will receive free allocations and which will not? How will negative impacts on competitiveness be avoided?
Taking into account their ability to pass on the increased cost of emission allowances, full auctioning is the rule from 2013 onwards for electricity generators. However, Member States who fulfil certain conditions relating to their interconnectivity or their share of fossil fuels in electricity production and GDP per capita in relation to the EU-27 average, have the option to temporarily deviate from this rule with respect to existing power plants. The auctioning rate in 2013 is to be at least 30% in relation to emissions in the first period and has to increase progressively to 100% no later than 2020. If the option is applied, the Member State has to undertake to invest in improving and upgrading of the infrastructure, in clean technologies and in diversification of their energy mix and sources of supply for an amount to the extent possible equal to the market value of the free allocation.
In other sectors, allocations for free will be phased out progressively from 2013, with Member States agreeing to start at 20% auctioning in 2013, increasing to 70% auctioning in 2020 with a view to reaching 100% in 2027. However, an exception will be made for installations in sectors that are found to be exposed to a significant risk of 'carbon leakage'. This risk could occur if the EU ETS increased production costs so much that companies decided to relocate production to areas outside the EU that are not subject to comparable emission constraints. The Commission will determine the sectors concerned by 31 December 2009. To do this, the Commission will assess inter alia whether the direct and indirect additional production costs induced by the implementation of the ETS Directive as a proportion of gross value added exceed 5% and whether the total value of its exports and imports divided by the total value of its turnover and imports exceeds 10%. If the result for either of these criteria exceeds 30%, the sector would also be considered to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage. Installations in these sectors would receive 100% of their share in the annually declining total quantity of allowances for free. The share of these industries' emissions is determined in relation to total ETS emissions in 2005 to 2007.
CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices could also expose certain installations to the risk of carbon leakage. In order to avoid such risk, Member States may grant a compensation with respect to such costs. In the absence of an international agreement on climate change, the Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect.
Under an international agreement which ensures that competitors in other parts of the world bear a comparable cost, the risk of carbon leakage may well be negligible. Therefore, by 30 June 2010, the Commission will carry out an in-depth assessment of the situation of energy-intensive industry and the risk of carbon leakage, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations and also taking into account any binding sectoral agreements that may have been concluded. The report will be accompanied by any proposals considered appropriate. These could potentially include maintaining or adjusting the proportion of allowances received free of charge to industrial installations that are particularly exposed to global competition or including importers of the products concerned in the ETS.
Who will organise the auctions and how will they be carried out?
Member States will be responsible for ensuring that the allowances given to them are auctioned. Each Member State has to decide whether it wants to develop its own auctioning infrastructure and platform or whether it wants to cooperate with other Member States to develop regional or EU-wide solutions. The distribution of the auctioning rights to Member States is largely based on emissions in phase 1 of the EU ETS, but a part of the rights will be redistributed from richer Member States to poorer ones to take account of the lower GDP per head and higher prospects for growth and emissions among the latter. It is still the case that 10% of the rights to auction allowances will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. However, a provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. Nine Member States benefit from this provision.
Any auctioning must respect the rules of the internal market and must therefore be open to any potential buyer under non-discriminatory conditions. By 30 June 2010, the Commission will adopt a Regulation (through the comitology procedure) that will provide the appropriate rules and conditions for ensuring efficient, coordinated auctions without disturbing the allowance market.
How many allowances will each Member State auction and how is this amount determined?
All allowances which are not allocated free of charge will be auctioned. A total of 88% of allowances to be auctioned by each Member State is distributed on the basis of the Member State's share of historic emissions under the EU ETS. For purposes of solidarity and growth, 12% of the total quantity is distributed in a way that takes into account GDP per capita and the achievements under the Kyoto-Protocol.
Which sectors and gases are covered as of 2013?
The ETS covers installations performing specified activities. Since the start it has covered, above certain capacity thresholds, power stations and other combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants and factories making cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board. As for greenhouse gases, it currently only covers carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the Netherlands, which has opted in emissions from nitrous oxide.
As from 2013, the scope of the ETS will be extended to also include other sectors and greenhouse gases. CO 2 emissions from petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium will be included, as will N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminium sector. The capture, transport and geological storage of all greenhouse gas emissions will also be covered. These sectors will receive allowances free of charge according to EU-wide rules, in the same way as other industrial sectors already covered.
As of 2012, aviation will also be included in the EU ETS.
Will small installations be excluded from the scope?
A large number of installations emitting relatively low amounts of CO 2 are currently covered by the ETS and concerns have been raised over the cost-effectiveness of their inclusion. As from 2013, Member States will be allowed to remove these installations from the ETS under certain conditions. The installations concerned are those whose reported emissions were lower than 25 000 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent in each of the 3 years preceding the year of application. For combustion installations, an additional capacity threshold of 35MW applies. In addition Member States are given the possibility to exclude installations operated by hospitals. The installations may be excluded from the ETS only if they will be covered by measures that will achieve an equivalent contribution to emission reductions.
How many emission credits from third countries will be allowed?
For the second trading period, Member States allowed their operators to use significant quantities of credits generated by emission-saving projects undertaken in third countries to cover part of their emissions in the same way as they use ETS allowances. The revised Directive extends the rights to use these credits for the third trading period and allows a limited additional quantity to be used in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-wide reductions over the period 2008-2020. For existing installations, and excluding new sectors within the scope, this will represent a total level of access of approximately 1.6 billion credits over the period 2008-2020. In practice, this means that existing operators will be able to use credits up to a minimum of 11% of their allocation during the period 2008-2012, while a top-up is foreseen for operators with the lowest sum of free allocation and allowed use of credits in the 2008-2012 period. New sectors and new entrants in the third trading period will have a guaranteed minimum access of 4.5% of their verified emissions during the period 2013-2020. For the aviation sector, the minimum access will be 1.5%. The precise percentages will be determined through comitology.
These projects must be officially recognised under the Kyoto Protocol’s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism (covering projects carried out in countries with an emissions reduction target under the Protocol) or Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (for projects undertaken in developing countries). Credits from JI projects are known as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) while those from CDM projects are called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
On the quality side only credits from project types eligible for use in the EU trading scheme during the period 2008-2012 will be accepted in the period 2013-2020. Furthermore, from 1 January 2013 measures may be applied to restrict the use of specific credits from project types. Such a quality control mechanism is needed to assure the environmental and economic integrity of future project types.
To create greater flexibility, and in the absence of an international agreement being concluded by 31 December 2009, credits could be used in accordance with agreements concluded with third countries. The use of these credits should however not increase the overall number beyond 50% of the required reductions. Such agreements would not be required for new projects that started from 2013 onwards in Least Developed Countries.
Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement , additional access to credits could be allowed, as well as the use of additional types of project credits or other mechanisms created under the international agreement. However, once an international agreement has been reached, from January 2013 onwards only credits from projects in third countries that have ratified the agreement or from additional types of project approved by the Commission will be eligible for use in the Community scheme.
Will it be possible to use credits from carbon ‘sinks’ like forests?
No. Before making its proposal, the Commission analysed the possibility of allowing credits from certain types of land use, land-use change and forestry (‘LULUCF’) projects which absorb carbon from the atmosphere. It concluded that doing so could undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS, for the following reasons:
LULUCF projects cannot physically deliver permanent emissions reductions. Insufficient solutions have been developed to deal with the uncertainties, non-permanence of carbon storage and potential emissions 'leakage' problems arising from such projects. The temporary and reversible nature of such activities would pose considerable risks in a company-based trading system and impose great liability risks on Member States. The inclusion of LULUCF projects in the ETS would require a quality of monitoring and reporting comparable to the monitoring and reporting of emissions from installations currently covered by the system. This is not available at present and is likely to incur costs which would substantially reduce the attractiveness of including such projects. The simplicity, transparency and predictability of the ETS would be considerably reduced. Moreover, the sheer quantity of potential credits entering the system could undermine the functioning of the carbon market unless their role were limited, in which case their potential benefits would become marginal.
The Commission, the Council and the European Parliament believe that global deforestation can be better addressed through other instruments. For example, using part of the proceeds from auctioning allowances in the EU ETS could generate additional means to invest in LULUCF activities both inside and outside the EU, and may provide a model for future expansion. In this respect the Commission has proposed to set up the Global Forest Carbon Mechanism that would be a performance-based system for financing reductions in deforestation levels in developing countries.
Besides those already mentioned, are there other credits that could be used in the revised ETS?
Sim. Projects in EU Member States which reduce greenhouse gas emissions not covered by the ETS could issue credits. These Community projects would need to be managed according to common EU provisions set up by the Commission in order to be tradable throughout the system. Such provisions would be adopted only for projects that cannot be realised through inclusion in the ETS. The provisions will seek to ensure that credits from Community projects do not result in double-counting of emission reductions nor impede other policy measures to reduce emissions not covered by the ETS, and that they are based on simple, easily administered rules.
Are there measures in place to ensure that the price of allowances won't fall sharply during the third trading period?
A stable and predictable regulatory framework is vital for market stability. The revised Directive makes the regulatory framework as predictable as possible in order to boost stability and rule out policy-induced volatility. Important elements in this respect are the determination of the cap on emissions in the Directive well in advance of the start of the trading period, a linear reduction factor for the cap on emissions which continues to apply also beyond 2020 and the extension of the trading period from 5 to 8 years. The sharp fall in the allowance price during the first trading period was due to over-allocation of allowances which could not be “banked” for use in the second trading period. For the second and subsequent trading periods, Member States are obliged to allow the banking of allowances from one period to the next and therefore the end of one trading period is not expected to have any impact on the price.
A new provision will apply as of 2013 in case of excessive price fluctuations in the allowance market. If, for more than six consecutive months, the allowance price is more than three times the average price of allowances during the two preceding years on the European market, the Commission will convene a meeting with Member States. If it is found that the price evolution does not correspond to market fundamentals, the Commission may either allow Member States to bring forward the auctioning of a part of the quantity to be auctioned, or allow them to auction up to 25% of the remaining allowances in the new entrant reserve.
The price of allowances is determined by supply and demand and reflects fundamental factors like economic growth, fuel prices, rainfall and wind (availability of renewable energy) and temperature (demand for heating and cooling) etc. A degree of uncertainty is inevitable for such factors. The markets, however, allow participants to hedge the risks that may result from changes in allowances prices.
Are there any provisions for linking the EU ETS to other emissions trading systems?
Sim. One of the key means to reduce emissions more cost-effectively is to enhance and further develop the global carbon market. The Commission sees the EU ETS as an important building block for the development of a global network of emission trading systems. Linking other national or regional cap-and-trade emissions trading systems to the EU ETS can create a bigger market, potentially lowering the aggregate cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The increased liquidity and reduced price volatility that this would entail would improve the functioning of markets for emission allowances. This may lead to a global network of trading systems in which participants, including legal entities, can buy emission allowances to fulfil their respective reduction commitments.
The EU is keen to work with the new US Administration to build a transatlantic and indeed global carbon market to act as the motor of a concerted international push to combat climate change.
While the original Directive allows for linking the EU ETS with other industrialised countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the new rules allow for linking with any country or administrative entity (such as a state or group of states under a federal system) which has established a compatible mandatory cap-and-trade system whose design elements would not undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS. Where such systems cap absolute emissions, there would be mutual recognition of allowances issued by them and the EU ETS.
What is a Community registry and how does it work?
Registries are standardised electronic databases ensuring the accurate accounting of the issuance, holding, transfer and cancellation of emission allowances. As a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol in its own right, the Community is also obliged to maintain a registry. This is the Community Registry, which is distinct from the registries of Member States. Allowances issued from 1 January 2013 onwards will be held in the Community registry instead of in national registries.
Will there be any changes to monitoring, reporting and verification requirements?
The Commission will adopt a new Regulation (through the comitology procedure) by 31 December 2011 governing the monitoring and reporting of emissions from the activities listed in Annex I of the Directive. A separate Regulation on the verification of emission reports and the accreditation of verifiers should specify conditions for accreditation, mutual recognition and cancellation of accreditation for verifiers, and for supervision and peer review as appropriate.
What provision will be made for new entrants into the market?
Five percent of the total quantity of allowances will be put into a reserve for new installations or airlines that enter the system after 2013 (“new entrants”). The allocations from this reserve should mirror the allocations to corresponding existing installations.
A part of the new entrant reserve, amounting to 300 million allowances, will be made available to support the investments in up to 12 demonstration projects using the carbon capture and storage technology and demonstration projects using innovative renewable energy technologies. There should be a fair geographical distribution of the projects.
In principle, any allowances remaining in the reserve shall be distributed to Member States for auctioning. The distribution key shall take into account the level to which installations in Member States have benefited from this reserve.
What has been agreed with respect to the financing of the 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects requested by a previous European Council?
The European Parliament's Environment Committee tabled an amendment to the EU ETS Directive requiring allowances in the new entrant reserve to be set aside in order to co-finance up to 12 demonstration projects as requested by the European Council in spring 2007. This amendment has later been extended to include also innovative renewable energy technologies that are not commercially viable yet. Projects shall be selected on the basis of objective and transparent criteria that include requirements for knowledge sharing. Support shall be given from the proceeds of these allowances via Member States and shall be complementary to substantial co-financing by the operator of the installation. No project shall receive support via this mechanism that exceeds 15% of the total number of allowances (i. e. 45 million allowances) available for this purpose. The Member State may choose to co-finance the project as well, but will in any case transfer the market value of the attributed allowances to the operator, who will not receive any allowances.
A total of 300 million allowances will therefore be set aside until 2015 for this purpose.
What is the role of an international agreement and its potential impact on EU ETS?
When an international agreement is reached, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council assessing the nature of the measures agreed upon in the international agreement and their implications, in particular with respect to the risk of carbon leakage. On the basis of this report, the Commission shall then adopt a legislative proposal amending the present Directive as appropriate.
For the effects on the use of credits from Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism projects, please see the reply to question 20.
Quais são os próximos passos?
Member States have to bring into force the legal instruments necessary to comply with certain provisions of the revised Directive by 31 December 2009. This concerns the collection of duly substantiated and verified emissions data from installations that will only be covered by the EU ETS as from 2013, and the national lists of installations and the allocation to each one. For the remaining provisions, the national laws, regulations and administrative provisions only have to be ready by 31 December 2012.
The Commission has already started the work on implementation. For example, the collection and analysis of data for use in relation to carbon leakage is ongoing (list of sectors due end 2009). Work is also ongoing to prepare the Regulation on timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning (due by June 2010), the harmonised allocation rules (due end 2010) and the two Regulations on monitoring and reporting of emissions and verification of emissions and accreditation of verifiers (due end 2011).

EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
Guide to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and its impact on business.
Content last updated: November 2013.
The EU ETS - also known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme - puts a cap on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by business and creates a market and price for carbon allowances. It covers 45% of EU emissions, including energy intensive sectors and approximately 12,000 installations.
See further details below on:
The EU ETS: Phase II (2008-2012)
Phase II of the EU ETS ran from from 2008-2012 (the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol). During this phase, every EU member state:
Developed a National Allocation Plan (NAP) Member State proposed a limit ('cap') on total emissions from relevant installations The plans were approved by the European Commission, in many cases after some revision. Distributed Allowances The 'Cap' was converted into allowances, known as EUAs (1 tonne of Carbon Dioxide = 1 EUA) The Member States distributed these allowances to installations in the scheme in their country according to their approved plan. Up to 10% of the allowances could be auctioned instead of being given for free. These auctions were largest in the UK and in Germany. Operated the Scheme Installations were obliged to monitor and report verified carbon emissions At the end of each year, installations were obliged to surrender sufficient allowances to cover their emissions and could buy additional allowances or sell any surplus Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) credits could be used within the scheme, through the 'Linking Directive', agreed in 2004)
How the EU ETS works now (2013-2020)
Phase III started in 2013 and run until 2020. The biggest changes in Phase III are:
The scheme was also meant to be extended to the aviation industry from January 2013, covering all flights taking off and landing in the EU, including those originating from or travelling to non-EU countries. However in November 2012 the European Commission decided to defer the extension of the scheme to extra-EU flights until after the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) General Assembly in Autumn 2013, on the expectation that a global agreement on greenhouse gas mitigation from aviation will be reached. The ETS continues to apply to intra-EU flights from January 2013. Latest information on the EU ETS and aviation can be found on gov. uk. Opt-out.
DECC has introduced an opt-out provision for small emitters and hospitals in the UK, allowing them to move to a more "light-touch" scheme with lower administrative costs (which hit disproportionately smaller companies). The opt-out will deliver an equivalent carbon reduction. Allowances.
At least 50% of allowances will be auctioned from 2013 (rather than given to installations). Use of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allowances will be more tightly restricted to no more than 50% of the reductions required.
Carbon Trust EU ETS reports.
Publication date: 2004 - 2008.
Cutting Carbon in Europe: The 2020 plans and the future of the EU ETS (CTC734)
Publication date: 01/06/2008.
This report analyses amendments to the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) proposed by the European Commission on the 23 January 2008 and their implications for business.
It concludes that the proposals are a bold and significant step in the right direction that correct weaknesses in the current scheme and provide the level of certainty that business and investors have been calling for.
EU ETS impacts on profitability and trade (CTC728)
Publication date: 11/01/2008.
This report combines data on how business costs would be affected by carbon costs with analysis of the effect on prices and international trade in order to identify the small group of activities for which competitiveness is an issue for the environment, as well as for business, and to identify potential responses.
EU ETS Phase II allocation: implications and lessons (CTC715)
Publication date: 21/05/2007.
This report analyses the implications for the Phase II carbon market (and the resulting industrial abatement incentives) and the wider lessons to be learned from the allocation process.
Allocation and competitiveness in the EU Emissions Trading System: Options for Phase II and beyond (CTC609)
Publication date: 01/06/2006.
This report, based on collaborative research with Climate Strategies, examines the workings of the EU ETS to date and offers analysis and recommendations on its future development.
The study identifies seven key challenges to overcome for the second phase of the EU ETS and sets out the Carbon Trust's own conclusions and recommendations for the future of the EU ETS as an instrument that can both help business deliver emission reductions as efficiently as possible, and also protect and ultimately enhance business competitiveness in a CO 2 - constrained world.
The European Emissions Trading Scheme: Implications for Industrial Competitiveness (CT-2004-04)
Publication date: 30/06/2004.
This report explores in depth the implications of the EU ETS for industrial competitiveness in the UK and the wider EU. It presents our analysis of combined insights from economic modelling and a stakeholder interview programme.
Fundo.
The EU ETS scheme started in 2005 in order to help the EU meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol (8% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels).
The scheme is the world's largest carbon-trading scheme. It provides an incentive for installations to reduce their carbon emissions, because they can then sell their surplus allowances.
Installations are included in the scheme on the basis of their Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emitting activities. Industries that are covered include:
Electricity generation Iron & steel Mineral processing (for example: cement manufacture) Pulp and paper processing.
More information on the EU ETS can be found on the DECC website.
Serviços.
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Emissions trading system (ets)

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Emissions Trading System (ETS)
DEFINITION: A market-based ‘cap and trade’ on emissions that allows parties to buy and sell permits for emissions or credits. The ETS covers 45% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions emitted from energy-intensive sectors. In the UK, more than 700 UK-based energy intensive installations, including power stations, manufacturing facilities and oil refineries, participate in the system.
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